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Algebra

Academic Year 2025/2026 - Teacher: VINCENZO MICALE

Expected Learning Outcomes

The purpose of the course is to make students acquire the ability to formalize a problem and to 
probe the environment in which to look for any solutions. The course also aims to stimulate the
ability of abstraction and provide the tools to use this abstraction to move from the particular
to the general. In particular, the course aims to make students acquire the following skills: Knowledge and understanding: understanding statements and proofs of fundamental theorems of algebra;
develop mathematical skills in reasoning, manipulation and calculation; solve mathematical problems
which, although not common, are of a similar nature to others already known. Applying knowledge and understanding: to demonstrate algebraic results not identical to those
already known, but clearly related to them; build rigorous proofs; solve algebra problems that
require original thinking; be able to mathematically formalize problems of moderate difficulty,
formulated in natural language, and to take advantage of this formulation to clarify or solve them;
Making judgments: acquiring a conscious autonomy of judgment with reference to the evaluation and
interpretation of the resolution of an algebraic problem; be able to construct and develop logical
arguments with a clear identification of assumptions and conclusions; be able to recognize correct
proofs, and to identify fallacious reasoning. Communication skills: knowing how to communicate information, ideas, problems, solutions and their
conclusions in a clear and unambiguous way, as well as the knowledge and rationale underlying them;
know how to present scientific materials and arguments, orally or in writing, in a clear and
understandable way. Learning skills: having developed a greater degree of autonomy in the study.

Course Structure

The course consists of lectures, frontal exercises (on the blackboard) and class exercises.
Normally the exercises carried out by the teacher alternate with the theoretical part,
even on the same day. For class exercises, the teacher proposes some exercises to the students
who are invited to solve them by working in small groups; the teacher passes between the desks
helping and suggesting the way to face the exercises. These exercises are essential for
acquiring self-employment and group work skills.

Information for students with disabilities and/or DSA.  To guarantee equal opportunities and 
in compliance with current laws, interested students can request a personal interview in order
to plan any compensatory and/or dispensatory measures, based on the educational objectives and
specific needs. Students with disabilities and/or DSA they must contact the teacher, the CInAP
contact person of the DMI (Prof. Daniele) and the CInAP sufficiently in advance of the exam
date to communicate that they intend to take the exam taking advantage of the appropriate
compensatory measures (which will be indicated by the CInAP).


Required Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of mathematics present in all high school programs.

Attendance of Lessons

Attendance is strongly recommended (see the CDS regulations).


Detailed Course Content

First part (about one third of the course)

a) Elementary set theory.

Sets and operations between sets. Functions. Relations. Equivalence relations. Order relations.

b) Numbers.

Natural numbers.Induction.

Cardinality. Numeralbe sets. |A| < |P(A)|=|2A|. Not numerable sets.

Integers. Greatest common divisor and euclidean algorithm. Bézout identity. Factorization in Z and some consequences. Rational numbers.

Congruence classes. Divisibility criterions. Linear congruences. Euler function and Euler-Fermat theorem.

Real numebres as an ordered field. Complex numbers. Roots of a complex number.

Second part: algebraic structures theory.

a) Ring theory (about one third of the course)

First definitions and examples. Integral domains and fields. Subrings. Homomorphisms. Ideals. Quotients. Homomorphism theorems. Ideal generated by a subset. Prime and maximal ideals. Embedding of a domain in a field and the filed of fractions. Polynomial rings. Polynomial functions and polynomials. Ruffini theorem. Euclidean domains, PID, UFD and relations between these classes. Division between polynomials over a field. Prime and irreducible elements. Bézout identity. GCD and mcm. Gauss lemma and Gauss theorem for A[X], with A UFD. Irreducibility in A[X]. Eisenstein criterion. Irreducibility passing to quotients.

b) Groups theory (about one third of the course)

First definitions and examples. Subgroups. Cyclic groups. Permutations groups. Lagrange theorem. Normal subgroups and quotients. Homomorphisms and related theorems. Cayley's theorem. Action of a group on a set: orbits and stabilizator. Coniugacy classes. Cauchy theorem and Sylow's theorems. Direct sum of groups. Classifications theorem for finite abelian groups.

Contribution of teaching to the objectives of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

In line with the objectives specified on the page 
https://asvis.it/goal-e-target-obiettivi-e-traguardi-per-il-2030/ we intend to contribute to Goal 4 objective 4.4 through an informative frontal lesson on the topic.

Textbook Information

1. G. Piacentini Cattaneo - Algebra - Zanichelli.

2. A. Ragusa - Corso di Algebra (Un approccio amichevole) - Aracne Ed.

3. M. Fontana - S. Gabelli - Insiemi numeri e polinomi - CISU

Course Planning

 SubjectsText References
1Sets and operations between sets.2
2Functions or applications. Injective, surjective, bijective applications. Composition of applications.2
3Relations. Equivalence relations and quotient sets.2
4Order relations. Maxima and minima, minimal and maximal elements, majorities and minorities, upper bound and lower bound.2
5Natural numbers. The principle of induction.2
6Cardinality of sets. Countable sets. |A| < |P(A)|=|2A|. Power of the continuum.2
7Zorn's lemma and axiom of choice (notes).3
8Integers. Greatest common divisor and the Euclideanalgorithm. Bézout's identity. Least common multiple.2
9Rational numbers. The ordered field structure of Q.2
10Congruences and remainder classes: first properties and applications. Divisibility criteria. Resolution of linear congruences.2
11The Euler function and the Euler-Fermat theorem.2
12A note on real numbers as an ordered field.2
13Complex numbers. Algebraic and trigonometric forms of complex numbers. Roots of complex numbers. Complex roots of unity. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.2
14Rings: first definitions and examples. Integrity domains, bodies and fields. Subrings.2 or 1
15Homomorphisms between rings. Ideals. Quotient rings. Homomorphism and isomorphism theorems between rings. Subrings and ideals with respect to a homomorphism. 2 or 1
16Ideal generated by a subset. Prime ideals and maximal ideals. Existence of maximal ideals.2 or 1
17Embedding a domain in a field. The quotient field of an integrity domain.2 or 1
18Polynomial functions and polynomials. Division between polynomials over a field: the division algorithm.2
19Euclidean domains. Principal ideal domains. Unique factorization domains and their characterization. Comparison between the studied rings and their applications.2 or 1
20Prime and irreducible elements. Bézout's identity. GCD and lcm. Gauss's lemma and Gauss's theorem for A[x], with A UFD.2 or 1
21Questions of Irreducibility in A[X]. The Eisenstein Criterion. Irreducibility in the Passage to Quotients.2
22Groups: first definitions and examples. Subgroups. Cyclic groups.2
23The symmetric group and the alternate group. The dihedral groups2
24Lateral classes and Lagrange's Theorem. Normal subgroups and quotient group. Homomorphisms between groups. Relations between subgroups in a homomorphism. The theorems of homomorphism and isomorphism.2
25Cayley's Theorem.1
26The action of a group on a set: orbits and stabilizers. Conjugacy relation and class equation. Conjugate classes in the symmetric group.2
27Cauchy's Theorem and Sylow's Theorems.2
28Direct sum of groups. Theorem on the classification of finite abelian groups.2

Learning Assessment

Learning Assessment Procedures

The final exam will consist of a written and an oral test, but it will also take into account what the 
student did during the year: - during the year some exercises will be held, in which students will be offered problems to be solved
individually or in small groups and during which the teacher will verify the progress of the test,
suggesting ideas and correcting any errors. It will also be possible to propose tests on the theory
studied. - two tests will then take place, one in itinere and one at the end of the course
(in conjunction with the exams) which, if passed, will give the student exemption from the written
exam. The grade will take into account the written test (or the ongoing tests), the oral
learning
and the student's active participation in lessons
;
the written tests are considered passed if a grade of not less than 15/30 is obtained.
The final grade does not consist of an average of the marks in the tests, but the oral determines
an increase in the grade of the written test. The vote may also take into account any positive
feedback in the checks carried out during the year.
To take the final exam, you must have booked on the SmartEdu portal. For any technical issues
regarding your booking, please contact the Academic Secretariat.

Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises

Algebra exercises are not standard, that is, they do not fall into specific typologies. 
During the year, exercises on the various topics of the course will be made available
on the Course Team. The typical structure of a theoretical question is the following: you are asked to
talk about a topic of the program, correctly stating the definitions and the main
theorems connected to that topic; you will then be asked to demonstrate one of
these results and apply it to some examples.

VERSIONE IN ITALIANO